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4 out of 5 stars |
Near the end of
World War II, thirty-six conscientious objectors volunteered to be
systematically starved for renowned scientist Ancel Keys’s study at the
University of Minnesota in the basement of Memorial Stadium. Aimed to
benefit relief efforts in war-ravaged Europe and Asia, the study sought
the best way to rehabilitate starving citizens. Tucker captures a lost
moment in American history—a time when stanch idealism and a deep
willingness to sacrifice trumped even basic human needs.
This was a fascinating read in that
can’t-look-away-from-the-car-accident kind of way. If you’ve read any
books about dieting, you’ve probably heard about this study. Indeed, if
you’ve ever been on a restrictive, low-calorie diet, you know how your
world begins to revolve around food and you have a hard time giving a
damn about anything else. Now I know exactly how normal this is!
It was an especially interesting book when read shortly after
<i>Night</i> by Elie Wiesel and <i>Man’s Search for
Meaning</i> by Viktor Frankl. Both men describe the centrality of
food in their lives during their incarceration in the prison camps.
They talk about not having the energy or the brain power to spare to
help others, even family members.
Ancel Keys’ experiment would certainly never be green-lighted today.
Despite the fact that his subjects were volunteers (conscientious
objectors who chose the experiment rather than military service) and
they knew the experience would be difficult, they had no idea how
grueling it would be. It didn’t take long for their sex drives to
disappear (Frankl mentions this in the concentration camps, that it
actually kept the experience from being worse because no prisoners had
the drive to victimize anyone sexually). Some of the Keys’ guinea pigs
(as they were known) continued to go to classes and listen to lectures,
but it rapidly became too hard to pay attention. Keys advised guest
lecturers to mention food, which would rivet the men’s attention, at
least momentarily. Meals became the focus of their days and they would
become angry & abusive if service was the slightest bit late or if
the food was not piping hot (they also felt cold all the time, as their
bodies tried to save energy). A group of men who started out happy,
healthy, and social became touchy, angry, and prone to sudden
outbursts. They performed strange rituals with their food—sometimes
stirring it all together into a pile for instance.
The supposed object of the experiment was to find the best way to get
people back to normal after periods of extreme hunger. It turns out
that the conclusion was to feed them! The guinea pigs ate at least 5000
calories per day when they were permitted to eat freely again and one
man distinguished himself by eating over 11,000 calories in one day! No
supplements made any meaningful difference—just food. That’s the
saddest part really, that these men suffered through the experiment and
so little was actually learned as a result.